Fungalpedia – Note 1996, Togniniaceae

 

Togniniaceae Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous

Citation when using this data: Hyde KD et al. 2020 – Fungalpedia, Ascomycota.

Index Fungorum, Facesoffungi, MycoBank, GenBank.

Classification: Togniniales, Diaporthomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi

Saprobic on dead wood or pathogenic on human and various woody plants, frequently associated with Petri and Esca disease of grapevines. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, black, superficial to subimmersed, astromatic, with 1–3 necks. globose to subglobose base, with straight or flexuous, periphysate ostiole. Peridium fragile to leathery, two-layered, the outer layer comprising thin-walled, brown cells of textura prismatica to textura angularis, the inner layer comprising non-pigmented flattened cells. Paraphyses abundant, hyaline, branching, septate, attenuate towards the apex, slightly constricted at septa. Ascogenous hyphae hyaline, elongate, branched, smooth-walled, sympodial, bearing remnant of base from which a single ascus is produced. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with obtuse, sessile bases and thickened ascal apex without a discharge mechanism, aggregating in spicate arrangement. Ascospores 3–4-seriate, hyaline, aseptate, allantoid, oblong-ellipsoidal, slightly curved, with rounded ends. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium mid-brown, dense, branched, septate, some species produce wart-like droplets. Conidiophores arising from bundled or single mycelium, branched at base or unbranched, septate, pale brown, paler towards the apex, with small warts or verruculose ornamentations at the base, percurrent rejuvenation. Conidiogenous cells usually monophialidic, integrated or discrete, hyaline to pale brown, with or without basal septum. Conidia hyaline, septate, smooth-walled, cylindrical, oblong-ellipsoidal or allantoid, straight or slightly curved, generally adhering in globose head at the tip of phialides (adapted from Réblová et al. 2004). 

Notes: Togninia was previously placed in the Calosphaeriales (Mostert et al. 2003). However, phylogenetic analysis based on a combined LSU and SSU dataset showed that Togninia spp. formed a distinct clade in Diaporthales, for which Togniniaceae was proposed (Réblová et al. 2004) and this was followed by later researchers (Gryzenhout et al. 2006b, Damm et al. 2008, Réblová 2008). Subsequently, Togniniaceae was relocated to a new order Togniniales based on its phylogenetic and morphological distinctiveness in the class Sordariomycetes and this family was considered to include three genera Conidiotheca, Togninia and Phaeoacremonium (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Gramaje et al. (2015) reduced Togninia under its asexual genus Phaeoacremonium and this was accepted by Dai et al. (2016) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016b). To date, Togniniales comprised a single family Togniniaceae, but Conidiotheca was treated as a member of Calosphaeriaceae, order Calosphaeriales (Wijayawardene et al. 2018a).

Type genus: Phaeoacremonium Berl. 

 

References

Dai DQ, Jiang HB, Tang LZ, Bhat DJ. 2016 – Two new species of Arthrinium (Apiosporaceae, Xylariales) associated with bamboo from Yunnan, China. Mycosphere 7, 1332–1345.

Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH. 2008 – A fissitunicate ascusmechanism in the Calosphaeriaceae, and novel species of Jattaea and Calosphaeria on Prunus wood. Persoonia 20, 39–52.

Gramaje D, Mostert L, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. 2015 – Phaeoacremonium: from esca disease to phaeohyphomycosis. Fungal Biology 119, 759–783.

Gryzenhout M, Myburg H, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. 2006b – Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales), a new family including Cryphonectria, Chrysoporthe, Endothia and allied genera. Mycologia 98, 239–249.

Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC et al. 2015 – Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 72, 199–301.

Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC et al. 2016b – Families of Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity 79, 1–317.

Mostert L, Crous PW, Ewald Groenewald JZ, Gams W et al. 2003 – Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is confirmed as teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility and DNA phylogeny. Mycologia 95, 646–659.

Réblová M. 2008 – Bellojisia, a new sordariaceous genus for Jobellisia rhynchostoma and a description of Jobellisiaceae fam. nov. Mycologia 100, 893–901.

Réblová M, Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW. 2004 – New genera in the Calosphaeriales: Togniniella and its anamorph Phaeocrella, and Calosphaeriophora as anamorph of Calosphaeria. Studies in Mycology 50, 533–550.

Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Lumbsch HT, Liu JK et al. 2018a – Outline of Ascomycota: 2017. Fungal Diversity 88, 167–263.

 

Entry by

Kevin David Hyde, Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, P.R. China, Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand, Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China

 

Published online 16 March 2026

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